reflection week 8

     Thanks to you all that still visit my blogspot and reading my post in the blogger. Based on the topic  4 of Psychological Foundations of Curriculum I ready know about learning theories and principles. Where, we could see have three psychological to process learning according to learning theories such as Behaviorist, cognitive and humanistic. 

1)BEHAVIORIST PSYCHOLOGICAL.

      Based on the behaviorist psychological have five principles such as classical conditioning by Pavlov-Watson, operant conditioning by Skinner, observation learning by Bandura, hierarchical learning by Gagne and law of effect by Thorndike. So, brought is a description of major learning theories:-

a)   Pavlov-Watson.

• Classical Conditioning.

• Whenever a response is closely followed by the reduction of a drive, the tendency is for the stimulus to evoke the reaction on subsequent occasions, association strength of the stimulus-response bond depend on the conditioning of the response and the stimulus.

  

b)  Skinner.

• Operant Conditioning.
• In contrast to classical conditioning, no specific or identifiable stimulus consistently elicits operant behavior. If an operant response is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the strength of the response is increased. Using too positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.

c)Bandura.

• Observational learning.
• Behavior is nest learned through observing and modeling. Emphasis is placed on vicarious, symbolic, and self- regulatory processes.

d)Thordike

• Law of effect.
• When a connection between a situation and a response is made and it is made and it is accompanied by a satisfying state of affairs, that is connection is strengthened; when accompanied by an annoying state of affairs, the connection is weakened.

e)  Gagne.

• Hierarchical learning.
• Eight behaviors or categories are based on prerequisite conditions and cumulative stages of learning.

2) COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL.

       based on the cognitive psychology show to how to develop children mind in solving problem and give them improvement of learning through cognitive psychological. have theories of psychological such as:-

a.Montessori.

• Structured play.
• Instructional emphasis of visual and auditory activities; children learn of different rates.

b.Piaget

• knows as cognitive stages of development.
• Four cognitive stages form a sequence of progressive mental operations; the stages are hierarchical and increasingly more complex.

c.Vygotsky.

• Theory of language and cultural transmission
• Learning involves human development (and potential)  as well as culture development (or environments shaped by beliefs and behaviors of previous generations).

d.Gardner.

• Eight multiple intelligences.
• This is a cross-cultural, expanded concept of what is intelligence, such areas as linguistics, music, logical-mathematical, spatial, body-kinesthetic, and personal.

3)  HUMANISTIC.

   humanistic is a how to children can develop them knowledge of learning to influence by environment through relationship, safety, and so on. so, below to show theories by psychological

a)  Maslov.

• knows as human needs.
• Six human needs are related to survival and psychological well-being; the needs are hierarchical and serve to direct behavior.

b)  Rogers

• knows as Freedom to learn.
• Becoming a full person requires freedom to learn; the learner is encouraged to be opened, self-trusting and self-accepting.